387 lines
25 KiB
HTML
387 lines
25 KiB
HTML
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title: 1
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description:
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published: true
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date: 2026-02-11T15:34:58.131Z
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tags:
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editor: ckeditor
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dateCreated: 2026-02-11T14:58:54.870Z
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-->
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<h3><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bohr model (1913)</span></h3>
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<figure class="table">
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:200px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Particle</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:200px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Symbol</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:200px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Relative Charge</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:200px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mass Unit</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Electron</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">e-</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-1</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5.4858 x 10<sup>-4</sup></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Proton</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">p+</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">+1</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.0073</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Neutron</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">n</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">0</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.0073</span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</figure>
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<p> </p>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Protons = Electrons ⇒ Atom. Neutral.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Protons ≠ Electrons ⇒ Ion. Charged.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Electrons are surrounding the nucleus, consisting of protons and neutrons.</span></p>
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<p> </p>
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<h3><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Element</span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mass number are the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Atomic number are the number of protons in nucleus.</span></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For example, <sup>4</sup><sub>2</sub>He, where mass number is written on top left, and atomic number on bottom left.</span></p>
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<p> </p>
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<h3><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Periodic Table</span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic number, from left to right, from up to down.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Each element has a unique atomic number (or the number of proton).</span></p>
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<p> </p>
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<h3><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Electronic arrangement</span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The maximum number of electron that a shell can hold is 2(n)<sup>2</sup></span></p>
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<p> </p>
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<figure class="table">
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:100px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>N</strong></span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:100px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Max e-</strong></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">18</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">32</span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</figure>
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<p> </p>
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<h3><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Electronic configuration</span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are subshells inside the shell.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For example, Cl-17, instead of written 2, 8, 7, we can write more clearly with 2, 2+6, 2+5, that is 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>5</sup></span></p>
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<p> </p>
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<figure class="table">
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:100px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Subshell</strong></span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:100px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Orbitals</strong></span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:100px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Max e-</strong></span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:200px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Name of orbital</strong></span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:200px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Historical Name</strong></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">s</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">s</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sharp</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">p</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">p<sub>x</sub>, p<sub>y</sub>, p<sub>z</sub></span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Principal</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">d<sub>xy</sub>, d<sub>xz</sub>, d<sub>yz</sub>, d<sub>x<sup>2</sup>-y<sup>2</sup></sub>, d<sub>z<sup>2</sup></sub></span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diffuse</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">f</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">14</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fundamental</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">g</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">9</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">18</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</figure>
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<p> </p>
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<figure class="table">
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:100px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Orbitals</strong></span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:300px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Quantum Number</strong></span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:300px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Specify</strong></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">n</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Principal</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The shell of electron belong to</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">l</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Angular Momentum</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The subshell of electron occupies</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">m</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Magnetic</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The orientation of orbital</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">s</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Spin</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If the electron is spin up or down</span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</figure>
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<p> </p>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Electrons in boxes diagram</span></p>
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<figure class="table">
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⇡⇣</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⇡⇣</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⇡⇣</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⇡⇣</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⇡⇣</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⇡⇣ </span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⇡⇣ </span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> ⇡⇣</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> ⇡</span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1s</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2s</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2p</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3s</span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3p</span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</figure>
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<p> </p>
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<h3><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aufbau principle</span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The lowest energy subshell or orbital will be filled first</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d</span><br> </p>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Imagine drawing a line from right to left.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">You should be able to find out that 4s subshell has a lower energy than 3d subshell this way.</span><br> </p>
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<figure class="table">
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>n</strong></span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>1</strong></span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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<td><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
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<td><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>1</strong></span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1s</span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>2</strong></span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>3</strong></span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>2</strong></span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2s</span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2p </span></td>
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<td><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>4</strong></span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>5</strong></span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
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<td> </td>
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<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
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<td><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>3</strong></span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3s</span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3p </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3d</span></td>
|
||
<td><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>6</strong></span></td>
|
||
<td><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>7</strong></span></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>4</strong></span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4s</span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4p </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4d</span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4f</span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>8</strong></span></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>5</strong></span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5s</span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5p </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5d</span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5f</span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td style="text-align:center;width:60px;"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">⁄ </span></td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
<td> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
<h3><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pauli's Exclusion principle</span></h3>
|
||
<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Each orbital can be occupied by no more than 2 electrons.</span></p>
|
||
<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If 2 electrons occupy the same orbital, they must have opposite spins.</span></p>
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
<h3><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hund's rule</span></h3>
|
||
<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Electron must occupy each orbital singly before pairing.</span></p>
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
<h3><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Exception: Half and full filled orbital</span></h3>
|
||
<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The electronic configuration of Cr (Chromium) and Cu (Copper) do not follow the order. The outer subshell become half or fully filled to gain extra stability.</span></p>
|
||
<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is also because that 4s and 3d energy difference is small.</span></p>
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
<p> </p>
|
||
<p> </p>
|